1	"Presentation to Café Scientifique" Presentation to Café Scientifique Lethbridge, Alberta, May 5, 2004 Duane Pendergast Computare
2	Kyoto Review - International Three main groups of countries Developed with little growth – Europe Developed with growth potential – USA, Russia, Canada Developing – no commitment goal Kyoto depends on Russia or USA ratification USA has officially dropped out - but Russian ratification in doubt – but Implementation unlikely – Goals will not be met
3	Kyoto Review - Canada Kyoto goal was set in 1997 Tough but barely achievable then Subsequent setting of details made it impossible Details Restrictions on credits from nuclear technology No credits for clean energy exports to US Modest credits for forest sinks Unlimited credits for agricultural sinks Now 2004 –Canada can not meet goal by 2008 Kyoto Protocol science basis questionable Where do we go from here? A need to review and restart
4	Earth’s Carbon Cycle
5	The “Natural” Carbon Cycle
6	The Human Perturbation
7	The Ocean Carbon Cycle
8	Carbon Cycling on Land
9	Carbon Cycle Summary Is IPCC view of carbon cycle one sided? Deems agricultural production “natural” Deems forestry activities “natural” Human control of land based carbon cycle Fossil fuels 6 billion tonnes 24 billion tonnes of plant production Opportunity Better integrate energy and carbon control
10	Carbon Cycle – Energy Integration We may need to control greenhouse gases The carbon cycle depends on energy input Natures carbon cycle shows us how to remove and keep carbon from the atmosphere. Humans can use energy to remove carbon from the atmosphere Examples
11	Greenhouse Gas Free energy
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13	Zero Emission Coal
14	Iron Fertilization of the Ocean
15	Agriculture - Forestry Major component of the carbon cycle Five times bigger than fossil fuel Agriculture induced changes to carbon cycle Increased carbon uptake from atmosphere from fertilizer, irrigation, plant breeding Historical removal of forests Historical carbon release from soil Produces carbon bearing waste streams
16	Soil Carbon Sequestration
17	Charcoal and Soil Black carbon, charcoal, a component of soil more durable than other organic forms possibly forest and grass fires produced Amazonian agriculture some areas of rich black soil possibly man made centuries ago charcoal from variation of slash and burn? Huge potential for soil and sink
18	Proposed Charcoal-Fertilizer Process
19	Recap